Brain tumors mostly develop from genetic mutations that trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Although some of these conditions can be detected with advanced technology, many others remain elusive. Experts at Houston Methodist Hospital emphasize the importance of identifying key symptoms and using specific tests for a timely and accurate diagnosis .
Tumors can be classified as primary, when they originate in the brain, or secondary (also known as metastatic), when they originate from cancers in other parts of the body. In both cases, early recognition of warning signs is essential.
Main risk factors associated with brain tumors
Although there are no single or completely defined causes, several factors can increase the risk of developing a brain tumor:
- Radiation exposure: Considered the main environmental factor, it can result from previous cancer treatments or prolonged exposure to X-rays.
- Weakened immune system: Whether due to congenital conditions, autoimmune diseases, or immunosuppressive treatments, low immunity increases the risk.
- Genetic disorders: Although most cases have no family history, syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 1 are directly linked to the formation of brain tumors.
The hospital’s team of neuroscientists continues to study these and other possible triggers. They also have trained genetic counselors to assess hereditary predisposition and recommend specialized testing if necessary.
The most common symptoms of a brain tumor
Clinical manifestations vary depending on the size, type, and location of the tumor. In general, brain tumors can compress internal structures and disrupt vital body functions. The most common symptoms include:
- Persistent headaches
- Changes in memory or confusion
- Nausea or vomiting without apparent cause
- Visual, auditory, or speech disturbances
- Loss of balance and coordination
- Seizures or involuntary movements
- Personality or mood changes
- Tingling, numbness, or body weakness
- Problems walking or toilet training
It is important to emphasize that the presence of one or more of these symptoms does not confirm the existence of a tumor, but it does warrant a thorough medical evaluation.
Diagnostic tests for brain tumors
Early diagnosis of brain tumors is essential to improve a patient’s prognosis. Houston Methodist Hospital uses cutting-edge technology for accurate detection, combining various clinical and imaging methods. Key tests include:
- Neurological evaluation: Detailed review of reflexes, vision, mobility, and consciousness to identify functional alterations.
- Brain biopsy: Taking a tissue sample to confirm the presence of tumor cells and analyze genetic mutations.
- Computed tomography (CT): Allows obtaining images in sections of the brain using X-rays.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the brain.
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, specialists perform additional tests to determine the aggressiveness of the tumor and tailor treatment to the patient’s genetic profile.
Classification of brain tumors according to their grade
Brain tumors are grouped into grades that determine their growth rate and level of aggressiveness:
- Grade 1: Slow-growing tumors with low probability of spreading.
- Grade 2: Less tendency to spread, although with risk of recurrence.
- Grade 3: They grow rapidly, but still without cell necrosis.
- Grade 4: Highly aggressive, with areas of cell death (necrosis).
Tumor classification, along with the results of genetic and imaging tests, allows doctors to design personalized treatment plans, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other targeted therapies.